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Whole Note The whole note does not have a stem.  It is four beats long. These are the beginning note values you need to know to begin learning about music rhythms.
Half Note The half note has a stem and is hollow.  It is two beats long.  It is called the half note because it is half as long as the whole note. Whole Notes

These notes are whole notes.  Each note is four beats long.
Quarter Note The quarter note is black and has a stem.  It is one beat long.  It is half as long as the half note. Whole notes on a staff
Eighth Note The eighth note is 1/2 beat long.  It looks similar to a quarter note, but it has a flag on the stem.  Do not confuse a half beat with a half note. 

Half Notes

Here are half notes.  Did you see the stems?  These notes are twice as fast as whole notes.  These notes are two beats long.

Two eighth notes tied together Two eighth notes together equal one beat.  The stems are connected by a beam.  These two notes are beamed together. Half notes on a staff

Quarter Notes

 These notes are black.  They are quarter notes.  Each quarter note gets one beat.  How many beats are in each measure?  If you guessed four, then you are right!
Quarter notes on a staff

Eighth Notes
 These are eighth notes.  The stems are connected by a beam.  These notes move twice as fast as quarter notes.  Two notes are played for each beat of music.
Eighth notes on a staff